The Parisian club has now secured the prestigious cup on 14 different occasions.
Paris Saint-Germain needed a stoppage-time leveler followed by a successful penalty shootout to overcome their arch-rivals in the Gulf and secure a fourth straight Trophee des Champions victory.
The European champions seemed to be coasting towards a straightforward triumph in the showdown between the Ligue 1 winners and the Coupe de France winners after Ousmane Dembele opened the net in the opening stages.
However, Marseille fired two times in the closing moments to take a shock advantage. Initially, Mason Greenwood scored from the penalty spot, before Willian Pacho unfortunately directed the ball into his own net for an own-goal.
In a breathtaking twist of fortune, Goncalo Ramos grabbed a crucial leveler in the dying moments to send the match into a penalty shootout. PSG goalkeeper Chevalier then emerged as the hero, saving decisive kicks from O'Riley and Traore.
In the shootout, Goncalo Ramos, the midfielder, the full-back, and the young talent all scored with composure for Paris Saint-Germain to seal a convincing penalty win.
Now 14-time winners Paris Saint-Germain, who faced last season's Ligue 1 runners-up Olympique de Marseille after completing a league and cup double, have now lifted this trophy for the twelfth time in the last thirteen years.